Fuels produced from coal (with CCS)
Coal can be processed directly intliquid fuels or it can be gasified intsyngas and then further processed. Coal-based liquid fuels can only achieve lower GHG emissions than the FQD diesel and gasoline default values if the process is coupled with CCS.
Diesel, jet and gasoline by direct liquefaction
In direct coal liquefaction (DCL) coal is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature and pressure, followed by the addition of hydrogen over a catalyst (hydrocracking)6. This technology is at TRL 8 as the Shenua Direct Coal Liquefaction project is the only commercial project worldwide.
Case study example:
Shenhua DCL project (China)
An industrial demonstration plant has been in operation since 2008, and produced 400,000 tonnes of synthetic fuels (diesel, jet, naphtha) in 2013. This plant does not appear thave CCS operating. Capacity of the single production line in the Shenhua DCL process is 6,000 t/day of dry coal.
Diesel, jet, gasoline, hydrogen, methanol or SNG by coal gasification + catalytic synthesis
Indirect coal liquefaction is at TRL 9. It involves initial gasification of the coal tproduce syngas, which can then be further processed as described in sections 2.1.5, 2.1.6 and 2.1.7 intdiesel, jet gasoline, hydrogen or methanol. In addition, catalytic methanation can be used tproduce SNG.
Case study companies:
Sasol (South Africa)
Commercial plants (TRL 9) carrying out indirect coal liquefaction tproduce FT products in South Africa8. Dakota Gas (USA) At the Great Plains synfuels plant in Dakota, coal is gasified tproduce syngas, which then undergoes methanation tproduce synthetic natural gas (SNG). 16,000 t/day lignite coal is gasified tproduce 3,050 t/day of SNG. The plant started operation in 1988, and has been upgraded since, notably tcapture the CO2 separated during SNG purification which became operational in 2000. The captured CO2 is used for enhanced oil recovery.
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